Present perfect tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu aksi atau situasi yang telah dimulai di masa lalu dan masih berlanjut sampai sekarang atau telah selesai pada suatu titik waktu tertentu di masa lalu namun efeknya masih berlanjut. Tense ini biasanya digunakan untuk membicarakan mengenai pengalaman atau perubahan yang melibatkan sebuah tempat.
Rumus Present Perfect Tense
Present perfect tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb have atau has, dan past participle (verb-3).
Have digunakan untuk I, you, dan plural subject seperti:
- Plural pronoun (they, we)
- Plural noun (boys, men)
- Compound subject dengan kata hubung “and” (you and I, Tom and Jack)
Sedangkan has untuk singular subject, seperti:
- Third-person singular pronoun (he, she, it)
- Singular noun (Tom, man).
Past participle dibentuk dengan menambahkan -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, atau -ne pada base form berupa regular verb. Pada base form berupa irregular verb, bentuk past participle tidak konsisten.
Dikarenakan adanya perbedaan auxilary verb dalam kalimat, rumus tense ini pun juga berbeda-beda. Selain untuk kalimat pernyataan positif, ada juga rumus untuk kalimat negatif dan juga kalimat tanya.
Kalimat pernyataan positif
- I/You/We/They + have + verb 3 ( They have lived in Jakarta for a long time)
- He/She/It + has + verb 3 (He has learned English for one year)
Kalimat pernyataan negatif
- I/You/We/They + have + not + verb 3 (They have not lived in Jakarta for a long time)
- He/She/It + has + not + verb 3 (He has not learned English for one year)
Kalimat tanya/interogatif
- Have + I/You/We/They + verb 3? (Have they lived in Jakarta for a long time?)
- Has + He/She/It + verb 3? (Has he learned English for one year?)
Berikut adalah beberapa adverbs yang biasa digunakan untuk mengekspresikan present perfect tense:
- Yet
- Already
- Just
- Ever
- Never
Dan ketika kita berbicara dengan tindakan-tindakan yang belum selesai atau sebuah situasi tertentu, maka kita bisa mengunakan:
- For
- Since
Waktu yang Tepat untuk Menggunakan Present Perfect Tense
Ciri-cirinya dengan contoh keterangan waktu/ time expression berikut ini.
- Already
- Just
- Recently/lately
- Ever
- Yet
- For + keterangan waktu yang menunjukkan masa lalu hingga sekarang
- Since + keterangan waktu yang menujukkan pertama kali kejadian atau kegiatan dimulai
Contoh Kalimat Present Perfect Tense
Membicarakan pengalaman
- I have been to France.
- I think I have seen that movie before.
- Joan has studied two foreign languages.
- I’ve been to Bali three times. Have you ever been there?
- How many times have you traveled abroad?
Sebuah perubahan
- You have grown since the last time I saw you.
- The government has become more interested in arts education.
- Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
- My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.
Pencapaian atau hasil
- Man has walked on the Moon.
- Our son has learned how to read.
- Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
- Scientists have split the atom.
Aktivitas yang belum terselesaikan
- James has not finished his homework yet.
- Susan hasn’t mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
- Bill has still not arrived.
- The rain hasn’t stopped.
Beberapa aktivitas yang terjadi dalam kurun waktu yang berbeda
- The army has attacked that city five times.
- I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
- We have had many major problems while working on this project.
- She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.
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